The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) is a blood test for syphilis that was developed by the eponymous lab.
The VDRL test is used to screen for syphilis (it has high sensitivity), whereas other, more specific tests are used to diagnose the disease.
A positive test result means you may have syphilis. If the test is positive, the next step is to confirm the results with an FTA-ABS test, which is a more specific syphilis test.